Transport: MCP (Model Context Protocol)

Summary

The MCP transport implements x402 payment flows over the Model Context Protocol using JSON-RPC messages. This enables AI agents and MCP clients to seamlessly pay for tools and resources independent of the underlying MCP transport.

The flow described below can be used for any MCP request/response cycle: tool calls, resources or client/server initialization.

Payment Required Signaling

The server indicates payment is required using JSON-RPC's native error format with a 402 status code.

Mechanism: JSON-RPC error response with code: 402 and PaymentRequired in error.data Data Format: PaymentRequired schema in error.data field

Example:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "error": {
    "code": 402,
    "message": "Payment required",
    "data": {
      "x402Version": 2,
      "error": "Payment required to access this resource",
      "resource": {
        "url": "mcp://tool/financial_analysis",
        "description": "Advanced financial analysis tool",
        "mimeType": "application/json"
      },
      "accepts": [
        {
          "scheme": "exact",
          "network": "eip155:84532",
          "amount": "10000",
          "asset": "0x036CbD53842c5426634e7929541eC2318f3dCF7e",
          "payTo": "0x209693Bc6afc0C5328bA36FaF03C514EF312287C",
          "maxTimeoutSeconds": 60,
          "extra": {
            "name": "USDC",
            "version": "2"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Payment Payload Transmission

Clients send payment data using the MCP _meta field with key x402/payment.

Mechanism: _meta["x402/payment"] field in request parameters Data Format: PaymentPayload schema in metadata field

Example (Tool Call with Payment):

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "tools/call",
  "params": {
    "name": "financial_analysis",
    "arguments": {
      "ticker": "AAPL",
      "analysis_type": "deep"
    },
    "_meta": {
      "x402/payment": {
        "x402Version": 2,
        "resource": {
          "url": "mcp://tool/financial_analysis",
          "description": "Advanced financial analysis tool",
          "mimeType": "application/json"
        },
        "accepted": {
        "scheme": "exact",
          "network": "eip155:84532",
          "amount": "10000",
          "asset": "0x036CbD53842c5426634e7929541eC2318f3dCF7e",
          "payTo": "0x209693Bc6afc0C5328bA36FaF03C514EF312287C",
          "maxTimeoutSeconds": 60,
          "extra": {
            "name": "USDC",
            "version": "2"
          }
        },
        "payload": {
          "signature": "0x2d6a7588d6acca505cbf0d9a4a227e0c52c6c34008c8e8986a1283259764173608a2ce6496642e377d6da8dbbf5836e9bd15092f9ecab05ded3d6293af148b571c",
          "authorization": {
            "from": "0x857b06519E91e3A54538791bDbb0E22373e36b66",
            "to": "0x209693Bc6afc0C5328bA36FaF03C514EF312287C",
            "value": "10000",
            "validAfter": "1740672089",
            "validBefore": "1740672154",
            "nonce": "0xf3746613c2d920b5fdabc0856f2aeb2d4f88ee6037b8cc5d04a71a4462f13480"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Settlement Response Delivery

Servers communicate payment settlement results using the _meta["x402/payment-response"] field.

Mechanism: _meta["x402/payment-response"] field in response result Data Format: SettlementResponse schema in metadata field

Example (Successful Tool Response):

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": {
    "content": [
      {
        "type": "text",
        "text": "Financial analysis for AAPL: Strong fundamentals with positive outlook..."
      }
    ],
    "_meta": {
      "x402/payment-response": {
        "success": true,
        "transaction": "0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
        "network": "eip155:84532",
        "payer": "0x857b06519E91e3A54538791bDbb0E22373e36b66"
      }
    }
  }
}

Example (Payment Failure):

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "error": {
    "code": 402,
    "message": "Payment settlement failed: insufficient funds",
    "data": {
      "x402Version": 2,
      "error": "Payment settlement failed: insufficient funds",
      "resource": {
        "url": "mcp://tool/financial_analysis",
        "description": "Advanced financial analysis tool",
        "mimeType": "application/json"
      },
      "accepts": [
        /* original payment requirements */
      ],
      "x402/payment-response": {
        "success": false,
        "errorReason": "insufficient_funds",
        "transaction": "",
        "network": "eip155:84532",
        "payer": "0x857b06519E91e3A54538791bDbb0E22373e36b66"
      }
    }
  }
}

Error Handling

MCP transport maps x402 errors to appropriate JSON-RPC mechanisms:

x402 Error	JSON-RPC Response	Code	Description
Payment Required	Error Response	402	Payment required with `PaymentRequired` in `data`
Payment Failed	Error Response	402	Payment settlement failed with failure details in `data`
Invalid Payment	Error Response	-32602	Malformed payment payload or invalid parameters
Server Error	Error Response	-32603	Internal server error during payment processing
Parse Error	Error Response	-32700	Invalid JSON in payment payload
Method Error	Error Response	-32601	Unsupported x402 method or capability

Payment-Related Errors (402)

Payment-related errors use JSON-RPC's native error format with code 402 and structured data:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "error": {
    "code": 402,
    "message": "Payment required to access this resource",
    "data": {
      "x402Version": 2,
      "error": "Payment required to access this resource",
      "resource": {
        "url": "mcp://tool/example",
        "description": "Example tool",
        "mimeType": "application/json"
      },
      "accepts": [
        /* PaymentRequirements array */
      ]
    }
  }
}

Protocol Errors (Technical Issues)

Technical errors use standard JSON-RPC error responses:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "error": {
    "code": -32602,
    "message": "Invalid parameters: malformed payment payload in _meta['x402/payment']"
  }
}

Common Protocol Error Examples:

Parse Error (-32700): Invalid JSON in _meta["x402/payment"] field
Invalid Params (-32602): Missing required payment fields or invalid payment schema
Internal Error (-32603): Payment processor unavailable or blockchain network error
Method Not Found (-32601): Server doesn't support x402 payments for the requested method

MCP Transport v2